Which of the following is a key characteristic of primary succession?

Primary succession is characterized by its initiation in lifeless areas where soil is not yet present. This process typically occurs in environments that have been completely devoid of life, such as after a volcanic eruption, glacier retreat, or landslide, where there is no pre-existing soil. Over time, the process begins with pioneer species, such as lichens and mosses, that can establish themselves in harsh conditions, gradually contributing to soil formation and allowing more complex plant and animal communities to develop. This contrasts with other forms of succession, such as secondary succession, which occurs in areas where soil and some life already exists following disturbances such as fires or floods. The absence of soil is a distinctive feature that defines primary succession and sets it apart from other ecological processes.