Which of the following are considered abiotic factors?

Abiotic factors are the non-living components of an ecosystem that influence living organisms and the functioning of the environment. Climate and soil conditions are prime examples of abiotic factors because they include elements such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, soil composition, and mineral availability. These factors play a critical role in shaping ecosystems, affecting where organisms can live, how they grow, and their interactions with one another.

In contrast, interactions among species in a community, living organisms within a habitat, and food webs and energy flow involve biotic components, which are the living aspects of the environment. Understanding the distinction between abiotic and biotic factors is essential for studying ecology, as both interactions are crucial to ecosystem dynamics and the survival of species within an environment.