What characteristic falls under topographic factors?

Topographic factors refer to the physical features and layout of the land, which can significantly influence ecological conditions and processes. The angle of slope is a critical aspect of topography as it affects multiple environmental conditions such as water drainage, soil erosion, sunlight exposure, and microclimates. A steeper slope can lead to more rapid runoff and less water retention, while a gentle slope may allow for more stable soil and moisture levels, impacting plant growth and animal habitats.

Soil composition, temperature variations, and humidity levels, while important ecological factors, do not inherently describe the physical characteristics of the land itself, which is the essence of topography. Instead, they are influenced by topographic features and can be considered secondary factors that result from the topographic layout. Therefore, focusing on the angle of slope highlights a fundamental aspect of topographic factors that directly impacts ecological dynamics.