What are trophic cascades?

Trophic cascades refer to the significant and often indirect effects that predators can have on the structure and dynamics of an ecosystem, particularly through the removal or addition of top predators. When top predators are removed, herbivore populations may increase unchecked, leading to overgrazing or overbrowsing of vegetation. This can drastically alter plant communities, nutrient cycling, and even the physical structure of habitats, affecting many other organisms within the ecosystem.

Conversely, the reintroduction or protection of top predators can help control herbivore populations, allowing vegetation to recover, which can provide habitat for other species and restore overall ecosystem health. Thus, the concept of trophic cascades highlights the interconnectedness of food web dynamics and the significant role that predators play in maintaining ecological balance. In this way, option B accurately captures the essence of trophic cascades and their importance in ecological study.